Table 4 Risk factors for interpersonal violence in American Indian/Alaska native children, women, and elders, by violence type
From: Family and partner interpersonal violence among American Indians/Alaska Natives
First author year | Population | Sample size | Risk factor | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Childhood abuse | Â | Â | Â | Â |
White and Cornely 1981 | Records Navajo children <9Â years old | 365 abused and/or neglected AI/AN children | Unmarried parents | Abuse or neglect |
867 comparison AI/AN children | Number of children in household | Abuse or neglect | ||
Lujan et al. 1989 | Southwestern Indian health service hospital | 117 medical records of abused and/or neglected AI/AN children ages 1-21 | Alcohol abuse by caretaker | Abuse or neglect |
History of abuse or neglect in caretaker | Abuse or neglect | |||
Disability in child | Abuse or neglect | |||
Nelson et al. 1996 | Mesquakie tribe in Tama Country, Iowa; Siletz and other Northwest tribes in 11-county area in Northern Oregon | 39 neglecting AI/AN families | Mother under 19Â years of age at first birth | Neglect |
38 comparison AI/AN families | More than 1 father associated with household | Neglect | ||
Number of children in household | Neglect | |||
Parents separated or divorced | Neglect | |||
Substance abuse in caretaker | Neglect | |||
Criminal charges on caretaker’s record | Neglect | |||
Caretaker has or is receiving psychiatric treatment | Neglect | |||
Violence against women | ||||
Arbuckle et al. 1996 | Female homicide victims in New Mexico | 33 AI/AN women | Alcohol or drug use by victim | Homicide by partner |
Fairchild et al. 1998 | Indian health service facility on a Navajo reservation | 341 AI/AN women | Receiving government assistance | Current IPV |
Age (under 40) | Current IPV | |||
Robin et al. 1998 | Southwestern tribe | 56 married AI/AN women | Alcohol use by either perpetrator or victim | Lifetime IPV |
Bohn 2003 | Clinic in a Midwestern city | 30 AI/AN women | Childhood abuse | Adult abuse |
Harwell et al. 2003 | Seven reservations in Montana | 588 AI/AN women | Age (under 45) | Past year physical IPV |
Malcoe et al. 2004 | WIC clinic in Oklahoma | 312 AI/AN women | Low SES (living at or below 50% poverty line; receiving government assistance; or partner with < HS education) | Past year IPV |
Age (under 32) | Past year IPV | |||
Separation/divorce | Past year IPV | |||
Yuan et al. 2006 | Six tribes in the Southwest, Northwest, Northern plains, and Northeast | 744 AI/AN women | Alcohol dependence | Physical assault |
Sexual assault | ||||
Cohabitation | Physical assault | |||
Sexual assault | ||||
Separation/divorce | Physical assault | |||
Sexual assault | ||||
Childhood sexual abuse | Sexual assault | |||
Elder abuse | ||||
Brown 1989 | One Navajo tribe, Oljato chapter (110 total elders) | Random sample of 37 elderly and one family member of each elder | Suddenness of onset of dependence on family | Abuse overall |
Family perception of dependency | Abuse overall | |||
Neglect | ||||
Mental condition less than normal, as perceived by family | Abuse overall | |||
Maxwell and Maxwell 1992 | 2 Plains Indians tribes | Community-wide ethnographic study | Caregivers who abused tended to be younger and live with their elders; abuse was more common among less wealthy tribe | N/A |
Buchwald et al. 2000 | Chart review of urban AI/AN (age >50) in primary care in King County | 550 AI/AN elderly | Younger age | Definite or probable physical abuse |
Female | Definite or probable physical abuse | |||
Currently depressed | Definite or probable physical abuse | |||
More likely to depend on | Definite or probable physical abuse | |||
| Â | Â | Â | others for food | Â |