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Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios, with 95 % Confidence Intervals (CI), of factors associated with hospital course complications and hospital mortality in trauma patients admitted to the ICU, National Trauma Data Bank, 2013

From: Complications and in-hospital mortality in trauma patients treated in intensive care units in the United States, 2013

 

Hospital Complications

p-value

Hospital Mortality

p-value

OR (95 % CI)

OR (95 % CI)

Gender

 Female

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Male

1.3 (1.2–1.3)

<0.001

1.4 (1.3–1.5)

<0.001

Age, years

 18–39

Reference

 

Reference

 

 40–59

1.4 (1.3–1.5)

<0.001

1.5 (1.4–1.6)

<0.001

 60–79

1.8 (1.7–1.9)

<0.001

3.5 (3.2–3.8)

<0.001

 >80

1.5 (1.4–1.7)

<0.001

15.9 (14.1–17.9)

<0.001

ISS category

 <9

Reference

 

Reference

 

 9–15

1.8 (1.6–1.9)

<0.001

2.2 (1.7–2.7)

<0.001

 16+

4.0 (3.6–4.4)

<0.001

7.3 (5.9–8.9)

<0.001

Injury Class

 Blunt

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Penetrating

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.294

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.621

 Othera

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

0.280

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.903

Intention

 Assault

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Self-harm

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

0.078

2.2 (1.8–2.6)

<0.001

 Unintentional

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

0.218

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.299

GCS Score

 >12

Reference

 

Reference

 

 9–11

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

3.1 (2.7–3.5)

<0.001

 3–8

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

<0.001

6.6 (6.1–7.1)

<0.001

Hypotension on Admission (SBP < 90 mmHg)

1.2 (1.2–1.3)

<0.001

2.1 (1.9–2.3)

<0.001

Severe Head Injuryb

0.8 (0.7–0.8)

<0.001

1.8 (1.7–1.9)

<0.001

Mechanical ventilation

6.7 (6.4–7.1)

<0.001

7.7 (7.0–8.5)

<0.001

Preexisting Comorbidities

 Alcoholism

1.8 (1.7–1.9)

<0.001

0.8 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

 Cerebrovascular Accident

1.6 (1.4–1.7)

<0.001

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

0.001

 Chronic Kidney Disease

1.9 (1.5–2.4)

<0.001

2.0 (1.5–2.6)

<0.001

 Congestive Heart Failure

1.7 (1.5–1.9)

<0.001

1.8 (1.5–2.1)

<0.001

 Coronary Artery Disease

1.6 (1.4–1.8)

<0.001

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

0.882

 Current Smoker

1.2 (1.1–1.2)

<0.001

0.5 (0.4–0.5)

<0.001

 Diabetes Mellitus

1.3 (1.2–1.3)

<0.001

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

0.341

 Peripheral Vascular Disease

1.4 (0.9–1.9)

0.076

4.4 (2.6–7.3)

<0.001

 Pulmonary Disease

4.7 (2.6–8.4)

<0.001

0.3 (0.1–0.5)

<0.001

ACS Trauma Designation

 Level 2

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Level 1

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

<0.001

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

<0.001

Developed Hospital Complications (Yes/No)c

–

–

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

<0.001

Number of Complications (range 0–7)

  

2.3 (1.8–2.8)

<0.001

 Acute Kidney Injury

–

–

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

0.376

 ARDS

–

–

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

<0.001

 Cardiac Arrest

–

–

9.5 (7.3–12.5)

<0.001

 Cerebrovascular Accident

–

–

2.1 (1.5–2.9)

<0.001

 Decubitus Ulcer

–

–

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

<0.001

 Deep Vein Thrombosis

–

–

0.1 (0.1–0.2)

<0.001

 Drug/Alcohol Withdrawal

–

–

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

<0.001

 Myocardial Infarction

–

–

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.443

 Pneumonia

–

–

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

<0.001

 Pulmonary Embolism

–

–

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

<0.001

 Unplanned Intubation

–

–

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

<0.001

 Urinary Tract Infection

–

–

0.5 (0.4–0.5)

<0.001

 Sepsis

–

–

2.3 (1.9–2.9)

<0.001

  1. CI confidence interval, ISS Injury Severity Score, GCS Glasgow Coma Scale, ACS American College of Surgery, SBP systolic blood pressure, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  2. aOther injuries includes environmental injuries (e.g., animal attack), drownings, overdoses or toxic ingestions, suffocation, exertional injuries, and unspecified injuries
  3. bSevere Head injury includes Abbreviated Injury Scale scores for Head, Face, and Neck with severity greater than or equal to 4
  4. cReference is no complications
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Injury Epidemiology

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