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Table 2 Rates of illegal behaviors, arrests, and convictions by volunteering status, and unadjusted and adjusted rate differences and rate ratios of comparison

From: Volunteering in adolescence and young adulthood crime involvement: a longitudinal analysis from the add health study

Outcomes

Wave 3

Volunteering

Type

Rate/ 100 PY

(95 % CI)

Weightedb rate differences (95 % CI)

Weightedb rate Ratios (95 % CI)

Unadjusted

Adjusteda

Unadjusted

Adjusteda

Illegal behaviors

None (Referent)

120 (111, 130)

0

0

1

1

Self

100 (89, 111)

-20 (-31, -9.9)

-7.7 (-18, 2.7)

0.83 (0.77, 0.88)

0.89 (0.80, 0.99)

Adult-required

139 (121, 157)

19 (0.79, 36)

29 (11, 46)

1.1 (1.0, 1.3)

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

Court-Ordered

328 (298, 359)

208 (177, 238)

145 (115, 175)

2.8 (2.4, 3.3)

1.9 (1.5, 2.6)

Arrests

None (Referent)

5.4 (4.6, 6.1)

0

0

1

1

Self

3.1 (2.2, 4.1)

-2.2 (-3.1, -1.4)

-1.0 (-1.9, -0.2)

0.59 (0.48, 0.74)

0.69 (0.57, 0.85)

Adult-required

3.4 (1.9, 4.9)

-1.9 (-3.4, -0.48)

-0.8 (-2.2, 0.7)

0.61 (0.41, 0.91)

0.63 (0.44, 0.90)

Court-Ordered

21 (19, 24)

16 (14, 19)

11 (8.9, 14)

5.1 (2.9, 8.7)

3.2 (2.1, 4.8)

Convictions

None (Referent)

2.7 (2.2, 3.2)

0

0

1

1

Self

1.3 (0.7, 1.9)

-1.4 (-1.9, -0.88)

-0.97 (-1.5, -0.43)

0.49 (0.37, 0.65)

0.61 (0.47, 0.79)

Adult-required

2.3 (1.4, 3.3)

-0.38 (-1.3, 0.53)

0.08 (-0.84, 1.0)

0.63 (0.39, 1.0)

0.71 (0.45, 1.1)

Court-Ordered

9.6 (8.0, 11)

6.9 (5.3, 8.4)

4.4 (2.8, 6.0)

4.1 (2.2, 7.5)

2.9 (1.8, 4.8)

Wave 4

Illegal behaviors

None (Referent)

61 (54, 68)

0

0

1

1

Self

36 (28, 44)

-25 (-33, -18)

-14 (-21, -6.5)

0.61 (0.54, 0.70)

0.72 (0.59, 0.88)

Adult-required

56 (44, 69)

-4.9 (-18, 7.8)

7.4 (-5.2, 19.9)

0.86 (0.69, 1.1)

1.1 (0.82, 1.5)

Court-Ordered

147 (125, 169)

85 (64, 107)

53 (31, 74)

2.4 (1.7, 3.4)

1.5 (0.92, 2.5)

Arrests

None (Referent)

6.1 (5.2, 6.9)

0

0

1

1

Self

2.3 (1.3, 3.2)

-3.8 (-4.6, -3.0)

-2.2 (-3.0, -1.4)

0.37 (0.32, 0.43)

0.47 (0.38, 0.58)

Adult-required

2.9 (1.4, 4.3)

-3.2 (-4.6, -1.9)

-1.3 (-2.7, 0.03)

0.47 (0.36, 0.60)

0.71 (0.49, 1.0)

Court-Ordered

15 (12, 17)

8.6 (6.2, 11)

4.8 (2.5, 7.1)

2.1 (1.4, 3.3)

2.1 (1.1, 3.9)

Convictions

None (Referent)

1.7 (1.5, 1.9)

0

0

1

1

Self

0.89 (0.68, 1.1)

-0.79 (-0.97, -0.60)

-0.55 (-0.74 -0.36)

0.57 (0.50, 0.65)

0.64 (0.51, 0.80)

Adult-required

1.1 (0.77, 1.4)

-0.57 (-0.89, -0.25)

-0.29 (-0.61, 0.03)

0.61 (0.49, 0.77)

0.81 (0.56, 1.2)

Court-Ordered

4.1 (3.5, 4.6)

2.4 (1.8, 2.9)

1.7 (1.1, 2.2)

2.3 (1.8, 3.0)

2.0 (1.2, 3.3)

  1. PY person-years
  2. a adjusted for age, sex, and race of the participant during respective survey waves, neighborhood safety, participant’s perception of relationships with parents, friends, and teachers, presence of a mentor figure in participant’s life, adolescent delinquency, adolescent religiosity, parent education, parent civic engagement, family’s use of food stamps, school suspension, school expulsion, work for pay, and allowance
  3. b the weighting for wave 3 is based on the survey weights, and the weighting for wave 4 is the product of survey weights and inverse probability of attrition weights