Table 4 Risk markers and outcomes of studies evaluating prescription drug overdose
From: Risk markers for fatal and non-fatal prescription drug overdose: a meta-analysis
First author, year | Risk markers and exposures assessed | Outcome | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
Bauer et al. 2016 | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, veteran, location of death, autopsy performed | Drug overdose death | 28,033 |
Bohnert et al. 2011 a | Sex, age, race, clinical diagnoses, comorbid conditions, as well as opioid dose and schedule | Unintentional prescription opioid overdose (ICD-10 X42, X44, Y12 or Y14 in combination with T40.2) | 155,434 |
Bohnert et al. 2012 a | Sex, age, Charlson comorbidities, psychiatric diagnoses, substance use disorders, alcohol use disorders, other specific drug use or mental health disorders | Death by accidental medication overdose was an accidental death with an underlying cause of death coded as ICD-10 codes X40-X45 due in part or whole to prescription or over the counter medications (ICD-10 codes T36.0-T39.9, T40.2-T40.4, and T42.0-T50.9) | 3,291,891 |
Brady et al. 2015 | ED utilization, age, sex, race, clinical characteristics | Prescription drug overdose death | 5464 |
Caudarella et al. 2016 | Age, gender, ethnicity, homelessness, incarceration, daily cocaine injection, daily heroin injection, daily crack smoking, methadone maintenance treatment, HIV serostatus, and HCV serostatus | Overdose mortality | 2317 |
CDC Medicaid. 2009 | Sex, age, Medicaid | A Washington state resident whose death certificate had a manner of death listed as “accidental” or “natural” and one or more contributing causes coded as ICD-10 (T40.0-T40.6 and F11) and specific words compatible with acute drug intoxication recorded in any death field and a prescription opioid in any of the cause of death fields | 6,321,950 |
CDC Non-illicit Drugs Utah 2005 b | Sex, age, area of residence | Non-illicit drug poisoning death | 2,281,235 |
CDC Prescription opioid pain relievers. 2011 | Sex, age, race | Prescription drug overdose deaths (with underlying causes of deaths listed as ICD-10 codes X40-X44, X60-X64, X85 or Y10-Y14 and having T36-T39, T40.2-T40.4, T41-T43.5, and T43.7-T50.8) as contributing causes | 304,093,966 |
CDC Urbanization, New Mexico, 2005 | Urbanization | Unintentional poisoning deaths from prescription drugs (i.e. methadone, other opioid painkiller, tranquillizer/muscle relaxant, antidepressant, barbiturate, or other prescription drug) | 17,919,059 |
Cerdá et al. 2013 | Sex, age, race | Analgesic overdose fatalities (ICD-10 X40-X44, T40.0-T40.2) | 3883 |
Coben et al. 2010 | Sex and age | Hospitalizations for poisoning by prescription opioids, sedatives and tranquilizers (ICD-9965.02, 965.09, 965.5, 965.8, 967.0, 969.4, 969.5, 967.8, and 967.9.) Poisonings were classifıed as unintentional if there was an E-code present in the E850–E858 range (accidental poisonings by drugs, medicinal substances, and biologicals) | 39,450,216 |
Dilokthornsakul et al. 2016 | Sex, age, mean morphine dose equivalents, methadone use, chronic opioid use, pain diagnosis, comorbidities, history of other medication use | ≥1 medical claim for an emergency department visit or a hospitalization associated with an opioid overdose | 3264 |
Dunn et al. 2010 | Sex, age, history of depression, history of substance abuse, opioid dose, any opioid use | Opioid-related overdose death, or non-fatal event defined as definite or probable opioid-related overdose | 9940 |
Gomes et al. 2011 c | No. of pharmacies dispensing opioids, daily dose of opioids (>200 mg MME) | Opioid-related death | 2212 |
Hall et al. 2008 | Sex, age, marital status and highest education | Unintentional drug overdose deaths that involved prescription pharmaceuticals. This excluded those overdoses due solely to illicit drugs, over-the-counter products, or alcohol. | 182,170 |
Hartung et al. 2007 | Type of long acting opioid (Methadone, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Morphine) | Administrative claims for an opioid-related serious adverse event, ED encounter or hospitalization for opioid-related adverse event (CPT code 99281-99285 or 99,288 or ED revenue center codes of 45× or 981 with ICD-9965.0×), opioid poisoning (ICD-9965.0×), or overdose symptoms (ICD-9 codes 780.0×, 78.07×, 418.81, 518.82, 564.0×) | 5684 |
Havens et al. 2011a | Sex, age, race, psychiatric comorbidities, substance use | Non-fatal overdose | 400 |
Hulse et al. 2001 | Sex | Hospitalization for prescription /over the counter drugs | 160 |
Lanier et al. 2012 | Sex, age, race, marital status, body mass index, uninsured, education, employment status, smoking status, residence in an urban county, military service | Death from prescription opioids | 1562 |
Mack 2013 | Age and race | Prescription drug overdose deaths (with underlying causes of deaths listed as ICD-10 codes X40-X44, X60-X64, X85 or Y10-Y14 and having T36-T39, T40.2-T40.4, T41-T43.5, and T43.8-T50.8) as contributing causes | 157,237,928 |
Paulozzi et al. 2012 | Sex, age, prescription history | Death from unintentional drug overdose | 6293 |
Peirce et al. 2012 | Prior doctor and or pharmacy shopping | Controlled substance-related death | 1,049,903 |
Piercefield et al. 2010 d | Sex, age, race and urban/rural | Medication overdose deaths | 3,540,517 |
Rudd et al. 2016 | Sex, age, race | Prescription drug overdose deaths (with underlying causes of deaths listed as ICD-10 codes X40-X44, X60-X64, X85 or Y10-Y14 and having T36-T39, T40.2-T40.4, T41-T43.5, and T43.7-T50.8) as contributing causes | 641,538,924 |
Seal et al. 2012 a | Opioid use, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), PTSD with or without other mental health disorders | Opioid-related accidents and overdoses (ICD-9 codes: 965.00, 965.01, 965.02,965.09, E850.0, E850.1, E850.2, E935.0, E935.1, and E935.2) | 141,030 |
Silva et al. 2013 | Sex, race, psychiatric care, substance use | Non-fatal overdose on prescription opioids and/or tranquilizers | 596 |
Turner and Liang 2015 | Sex, age, US region, clinical conditions, mental health and substance use disorders, | Any drug overdose event | 206,869 |
Whitmire and Adams 2010 d | Eligibility category, race, residence, specific disorders, drug claims | Unintentional overdose death (ICD-10 X40-X49) | 2801 |
Zedler et al. 2014 | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, BMI, US Census region, comorbidities, opioid use, all-cause health care utilization (ED visits) | Occurrence of serious opioid-related toxicity or overdose as defined by listed ICD-9-CM and CPT codes | 8987 |