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Table 6 Risk markers for prescription drug overdose stratified by study characteristic

From: Risk markers for fatal and non-fatal prescription drug overdose: a meta-analysis

 

Sex

Race

Psychiatric disorder

Substance use disorder

Rural residence

 

N

Random effects

95% CI

N

Random effects

95% CI

N

Random effects

95% CI

N

Random effects

95% CI

N

Random effects

95% CI

Unadjusted OR

22

1.33

1.17, 1.51

14

2.28

1.93, 2.70

11

3.94

3.09, 5.01

10

5.24

3.53, 7.76

5

0.93

0.72, 1.19

Outcome definition

 Fatal overdose

15

1.50

1.34, 1.68

11

2.65

2.26, 3.11

4

3.81

2.88, 5.05

4

7.05

5.15, 9.66

5

0.93

0.72,1.19

 Fatal and nonfatal overdose

7

0.97

0.77, 1.21

3

0.99

0.53, 1.88

7

4.02

2.61, 6.21

6

4.08

1.78, 9.38

-

-

-

Study Design

 Case control

6

1.34

0.87, 2.06

6

2.81

2.04, 3.85

5

3.58

3.04, 4.20

5

5.65

4.10, 7.81

2

1.08

0.81, 1.43

 Cohort

5

1.24

0.77, 2.01

2

1.72

0.64, 4.65

4

5.70

3.78, 8.59

3

8.34

4.32, 16.13

-

-

-

 Cross-sectional

11

1.37

1.19, 1.59

6

2.07

1.61, 2.65

2

2.54

1.88, 3.43

2

2.12

1.43, 3.14

3

0.86

0.63, 1.18

Quality Assessment Score

 High (7-10)

10

1.27

0.89, 1.80

7

2.43

1.80, 3.27

9

4.29

3.32, 5.56

8

6.59

4.41, 9.85

2

0.95

0.60, 1.52

 Low (0-6)

12

1.39

1.21, 1.60

7

2.14

1.68, 2.72

2

2.54

1.88, 3.43

2

2.12

1.43, 3.14

3

0.92

0.61, 1.37

Study Outcome

 Medication overdose

8

1.40

1.18, 1.65

4

2.33

1.68, 3.22

2

3.80

2.02, 7.12

2

4.84

1.42, 16.55

3

0.86

0.63, 1.18

 Prescription opioid overdose

7

1.29

0.96, 1.74

4

2.50

2.06, 3.03

5

4.07

3.50, 4.72

4

6.21

4.60, 8.38

1

0.92

0.66, 1.27

 Overdose of any substance

7

1.30

0.91, 1.86

6

1.98

1.37, 2.88

4

3.70

1.89, 7.24

4

4.86

1.57, 15.05

1

1.23

0.94, 1.59

Exclusions

 Hulse et al. and Coben et al.

20

1.36

1.19, 1.57

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Hulse et al., Coben et al., and Cerda et al.

19

1.41

1.23, 1.62

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 CDC 2009 Total Population

21

1.32

1.16, 1.51

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 CDC 2009 Medicaid only

21

1.33

1.17, 1.52

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Havens and Silva

-

-

-

12

2.54

2.17, 2.97

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Seal et al.

-

-

-

-

-

-

10

3.79

2.95, 4.86

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Seal et al., Bohnert et al. 2011, 2012

-

-

-

-

-

-

8

3.55

2.39, 5.27

-

-

-

-

-

-

 Bohnert et al. 2012

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

9

4.83

2.79, 8.36

-

-

-

 Havens

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

9

5.92

3.99, 8.78

-

-

-

 CDC Non-illicit Drugs Utah 2005

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4

0.85

0.68, 1.07

 Piercefield et al. 2010

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

4

1.01

0.77, 1.33

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Injury Epidemiology

ISSN: 2197-1714