Associations between implementation of Project Lazarus and opioid analgesic dispensing and buprenorphine utilization in North Carolina, 2009–2014

Table 3 Associations between Project Lazarus implementation and buprenorphine utilization, by strategy, North Carolina, 2009–2014

				Univariate Models^a			Multivariable Adjusted Model^b
Strategy	Implementation Level	County-months	Monthly Bup. Patients	IRR	95% CI	CLR	IRR	95% CI	CLR
Diversion Control	None	4971	266,389	1 (ref.)			1 (ref.)
Diversion Control	Any	2229	323,576	1.82	1.71, 1.93	1.128	1.00	0.93, 1.08	1.165
Naloxone Policies	None	6216	443,181	1 (ref.)			1 (ref.)
Naloxone Policies	Any	984	146,784	1.67	1.57, 1.78	1.133	1.02	0.96, 1.08	1.122
Community Education	None	5969	379,482	1 (ref.)			1 (ref.)
Community Education	Any	1231	210,483	1.68	1.59, 1.78	1.117	0.98	0.91, 1.05	1.164
Provider Education	None	4962	303,822	1 (ref.)			1 (ref.)
Provider Education	Any	2238	286,143	1.77	1.68, 1.87	1.117	1.00	0.93, 1.07	1.148
Support for Patients with Pain	None	6684	454,973	1 (ref.)			1 (ref.)
Support for Patients with Pain	Any	516	134,992	1.54	1.45, 1.64	1.131	0.93	0.85, 1.02	1.200
Hospital ED Policy	None	5485	360,241	1 (ref.)			1 (ref.)
Hospital ED Policy	Any	1715	229,724	1.68	1.57, 1.80	1.146	0.98	0.92, 1.04	1.134
Addiction Treatment (Policy Only)	None	6549	512,646	1 (ref.)			1 (ref.)
Addiction Treatment (Policy Only)	Any	651	77,319	1.62	1.51, 1.74	1.148	0.98	0.91, 1.06	1.161

IRR incidence rate ratio, CI confidence interval, CLR confidence limit ratio, ED Emergency Department
Results from Poisson GEE with county-month population offset
^aUnivariate unadjusted models for each strategy
^bAdjusted multivariable model adjusts for the other six strategies, county opioid analgesic prescribing rate, county health status, year and season

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