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Table 2 Predictors of unrestrained infants aged 0 to < 2 years involved in fatal crashes, FARS 2008–2015

From: Restraint use and injury in forward and rear-facing infants and toddlers involved in a fatal motor vehicle crash on a U. S. Roadway

Variables

Unadjusted, unrestrained OR (95% CI)

Multivariable adjusted, unrestrained OR (95% CI)

Passenger characteristics

Passenger age (years)

 0 to < 1

Ref

 

 1 to < 2

0.98 (0.79–1.23)

 

Passenger gender

 Male

Ref

 

 Female

1.04 (0.83–1.30)

 

Seating position

 Center seated

1.52 (1.18–1.96)

1.55 (1.19–2.03)

 Seated outboard

Ref

Ref

Driver characteristics

Driver age (years)

 < 20

1.97 (1.35–2.88)

2.18 (1.42–3.34)

 20 to 29

Ref

Ref

 30 to 64

1.09 (0.85–1.38)

1.16 (0.87–1.54)

 ≥ 65

2.43 (1.29–4.57)

2.00 (0.88–4.54)

Driver gender

 Male

1.33 (1.06–1.66)

 

 Female

Ref

 

Driver restraint status

 Restrained

Ref

Ref

 Unrestrained

3.34 (2.61–4.27)

3.17 (2.38–4.21)

Driver’s alcohol status

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.57 (1.77–3.73)

2.21 (1.42–3.44)

 Unknown

0.86 (0.67–1.11)

1.03 (0.77–1.39)

Driver’s drug status

 No

Ref

 

 Yes

1.40 (0.98–2.00)

 

 Unknown

1.13 (0.89–1.44)

 

Previous violations

 No

Ref

 

 Yes

1.25 (0.99–1.58)

 

Vehicle characteristics

Vehicle type

 Passenger car

Ref

 

 SUV

1.30 (1.00–1.68)

 

 Van

1.44 (0.99–2.10)

 

 Pickup truck

1.26 (0.88–1.81)

 

Crash-level characteristics

Day/Night

 Day

Ref

 

 Night

1.51 (1.21–1.89)

 

Weekday/Weekend

 Weekday

1.32 (1.03–1.69)

1.52 (1.12–2.01)

 Weekend

Ref

Ref

Weekday rush hour

 Yes

Ref

 

 No

1.18 (0.91–1.53)

 

Roadway type

 Expressway

Ref

 

 Surface Street

1.03 (0.81–1.32)

 

Urban/Rural

 Urban

Ref

 

 Rural

1.34 (1.05–1.72)

 

 Unknown

1.15 (0.80–1.65)