Trends in benzodiazepine anxiolytics and z-hypnotics use among French drivers involved in road traffic crashes from 2005 to 2015: a responsibility case-control study

Orriols, Ludivine; Gbaguidi, Gwladys Nadia; Contrand, Benjamin; Gadegbeku, Blandine; Lagarde, Emmanuel

doi:10.1186/s40621-019-0209-8

Injury Epidemiology

Table 2 Comparison of driver characteristics over the six periods

From: Trends in benzodiazepine anxiolytics and z-hypnotics use among French drivers involved in road traffic crashes from 2005 to 2015: a responsibility case-control study

Variables	Period 1		Period 2		Period 3		Period 4		Period 5		Period 6
Variables	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Tota	40,657		32,028		33,395		36,683		30,757		27,977
Age *
≤ 24 years	10,113	24.9	7756	24.2	7360	22.0	8008	21.8	6393	20.8	5452	19.5
25–44 years	17,921	44.1	14,233	44.4	15,186	45.5	16,093	43.9	13,112	42.6	11,708	41.9
45–64 years	9929	24.4	7857	24.5	8614	25.8	9856	26.9	8671	28.2	8147	29.1
≥ 65 years	2694	6.6	2182	6.8	2235	6.7	2726	7.4	2581	8.4	2670	9.5
Gender*
Men	27,904	68.6	21,866	68.3	23,581	70.6	25,463	69.4	21,557	70.1	19,701	70.4
Women	12,753	31.4	10,162	31.7	9814	29.4	11,220	30.6	9200	29.9	8276	29.6
Socioeconomic category *
Professional driver	1383	3.4	900	2.8	984	2.9	1134	3.1	1128	3.7	1422	5.1
Farmer	212	0.5	174	0.5	166	0.5	224	0.6	228	0.7	235	0.8
Craftsman, shopkeeper, independant profession	1290	3.2	1150	3.6	1380	4.1	1668	4.5	1364	4.4	1204	4.3
High managerial and professional occupation	1518	3.7	1266	4.0	1789	5.4	1801	4.9	1553	5.0	1401	5.0
Middle manager, employee	10,954	26.9	8921	27.9	9709	29.1	10,425	28.4	8555	27.8	7394	26.4
Worker	6463	15.9	5424	16.9	5011	15.0	5365	14.6	4261	13.9	3603	12.9
Retired	3437	8.5	3012	9.4	3077	9.2	3624	9.9	3195	10.4	3153	11.3
Unemployed	1808	4.4	1213	3.8	1476	4.4	1692	4.6	1387	4.5	1288	4.6
Other/missing	9215	22.7	6799	21.2	7402	22.2	8125	22.1	6967	22.7	6424	23.0
Student	4377	10.8	3169	9.9	2401	7.2	2625	7.2	2119	6.9	1853	6.6
Injury severity *
Unhurt	10,365	25.5	8728	27.3	10,122	30.3	11,643	31.7	9625	31.3	8555	30.6
Killed	861	2.1	540	1.7	485	1.5	529	1.4	358	1.2	421	1.5
Seriously injured	14,856	36.5	11,008	34.4	9909	29.7	11,217	30.6	10,141	33.0	9675	34.6
Slightly injured	14,575	35.8	11,752	36.7	12,879	38.6	13,294	36.2	10,633	34.6	9326	33.3
Alcohol (g/l) *
< 0.5	32,207	79.2	26,275	82.0	26,946	80.7	29,994	81.8	25,690	83.5	23,517	84.1
[0.5–0.8[	281	0.7	193	0.6	134	0.4	135	0.4	219	0.7	169	0.6
[0.8–1.2[	379	0.9	332	1.0	264	0.8	349	1.0	324	1.1	271	1.0
[1.2–2.0[	946	2.3	710	2.2	633	1.9	772	2.1	712	2.3	609	2.2
≥ 2.0	767	1.9	676	2.1	612	1.8	641	1.7	528	1.7	422	1.5
Missing	6077	15.0	3842	12.0	4806	14.4	4792	13.1	3284	10.7	2989	10.7
Day *
Monday – Friday	30,236	74.4	23,649	73.8	25,192	75.4	27,593	75.2	23,110	75.1	20,899	74.7
Saturday	5826	14.3	4739	14.8	4614	13.8	5135	14.0	4165	13.5	3764	13.5
Sunday	4595	11.3	3640	11.4	3589	10.7	3955	10.8	3482	11.3	3314	11.8
Time of day *
[5–10]	9084	22.3	7496	23.4	7918	23.7	8674	23.6	7397	24.0	7089	25.3
[11–13]	6352	15.6	5078	15.9	5208	15.6	5577	15.2	4783	15.6	4409	15.8
[14–19]	18,289	45.0	14,451	45.1	14,887	44.6	16,815	45.8	14,027	45.6	12,544	44.8
[20–22]	3962	9.7	2974	9.3	3220	9.6	3360	9.2	2720	8.8	2369	8.5
[23–1]	1879	4.6	1275	4.0	1420	4.3	1385	3.8	1122	3.6	944	3.4
[2–4]	1091	2.7	754	2.4	742	2.2	872	2.4	708	2.3	622	2.2
Vehicle type *
Bicycle	2185	5.4	1682	5.3	1851	5.5	1876	5.1	1752	5.7	1632	5.8
Scooter	5842	14.4	4257	13.3	3692	11.1	3510	9.6	2564	8.3	1938	6.9
Motorbike	5670	13.9	4788	14.9	6606	19.8	6814	18.6	5651	18.4	5152	18.4
Light vehicle	24,132	59.4	18,660	58.3	18,431	55.2	21,182	57.7	17,717	57.6	16,312	58.3
Commercial vehicle	1185	2.9	1365	4.3	1598	4.8	1820	5.0	1695	5.5	1653	5.9
Heavy goods vehicle	793	2.0	549	1.7	560	1.7	677	1.8	648	2.1	610	2.2
Other	850	2.1	727	2.3	657	2.0	804	2.2	730	2.4	680	2.4
Crash location *
Extra-urban	18,025	44.3	13,951	43.6	12,410	37.2	15,566	42.4	14,416	46.9	14,405	51.5
1–5000 inhabitants	4498	11.1	3254	10.2	2828	8.5	3505	9.6	3327	10.8	3110	11.1
5001–50,000 inhabitants	9854	24.2	8235	25.7	7073	21.2	7593	20.7	5602	18.2	4962	17.7
50,001–300,000 inhabitants	6757	16.6	5431	17.0	4806	14.4	4915	13.4	3365	10.9	3679	13.2
≥ 300,000 inhabitants	1523	3.7	1157	3.6	6278	18.8	5104	13.9	4047	13.2	1821	6.5
Responsible *
Yes	19,580	48.2	15,316	47.8	16,182	48.5	18,275	49.8	15,198	49.4	13,385	47.8
Level 2 prescription drugsǂ*
Yes	4655	11.4	3613	11.3	3816	11.4	4486	12.2	3465	11.3	3121	11.2
Level 3 prescription drugsǂ*
Yes	1116	2.7	866	2.7	850	2.5	1024	2.8	1013	3.3	890	3.2
Long-term chronic diseases *
Yes	3407	8.4	2826	8.8	3048	9.1	3656	10.0	3457	11.2	3278	11.7

ǂ Risk level for driving impairment.
* p < 0.0001 (Chi-squared test)

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