Table 1 National hospital admissions for children up to three years, 1998–2014 (N = 66,854), patient- and hospital-level descriptive statistics, by type of abuse
From: Trends in shaken baby syndrome diagnosis codes among young children hospitalized for abuse
Variable | Possible SBS N (%) | Confirmed SBS N (%) | Chi-square | Total SBS N (%) | Non-SBS Abuse N (%) | Chi-square |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4209 (29.4) | 10,083 (70.6) | P value | 14,292 (21.4) | 52,562 (79.2) | P value | |
Rates (per 100,00 population) | ||||||
 Total rate of abuse | 1.6 (± 0.1) | 3.8 (± 0.3) | – | 4.5 (± 0.3) | 19.6 (± 1.0) | – |
Rate of abuse per year | ||||||
 1998 | 0.6 (± 0.2) | 3.6 (± 0.6) | – | 4.1 (± 0.7) | 17.8 (± 2.5) | – |
 1999 | 1.1 (± 0.3) | 6.4 (± 1.0) | – | 7.5 (± 1.2) | 20.1 (± 2.3) | – |
 2000 | 0.6 (± 0.2) | 4.6 (± 0.8) | – | 5.2 (± 0.9) | 16.6 (± 2.0) | – |
 2001 | 1.0 (± 0.3) | 4.5 (± 0.8) | – | 5.5 (± 1.1) | 19.1 (± 3.1) | – |
 2002 | 0.7 (± 0.2) | 4.3 (± 0.8) | – | 5.0 (± 0.9) | 17.5 (± 2.3) | – |
 2003 | 1.1 (± 0.3) | 5.0 (± 0.8) | – | 6.1 (± 1.0) | 18.2 (± 2.6) | – |
 2004 | 1.3 (± 0.4) | 4.8 (± 0.9) | – | 6.1 (± 1.2) | 18.1 (± 2.7) | – |
 2005 | 2.0 (± 0.6) | 5.1 (± 0.9) | – | 7.1 (± 1.3) | 22.7 (± 3.6) | – |
 2006 | 1.3 (± 0.4) | 4.5 (± 0.8) | – | 5.9 (± 1.0) | 17.9 (± 2.5) | – |
 2007 | 2.0 (± 0.6) | 3.8 (± 0.7) | – | 5.8 (± 1.1) | 18.7 (± 3.5) | – |
 2008 | 1.2 (± 0.4) | 3.8 (± 0.6) | – | 5.0 (± 0.9) | 17.3 (± 2.9) | – |
 2009 | 1.9 (± 0.5) | 3.1 (± 0.6) | – | 5.0 (± 1.0) | 17.3 (± 2.8) | – |
 2010 | 1.9 (± 0.5) | 3.6 (± 0.6) | – | 5.6 (± 0.9) | 25.8 (± 4.2) | – |
 2011 | 2.6 (± 0.7) | 1.5 (± 0.3) | – | 4.1 (± 0.9) | 18.8 (± 3.8) | – |
 2012 | 2.3 (± 0.4) | 2.2 (± 0.3) | – | 4.4 (± 0.5) | 21.4 (± 2.0) | – |
 2013 | 2.5 (± 0.4) | 2.0 (± 0.3) | – | 4.5 (± 0.5) | 23.0 (± 2.0) | – |
 2014 | 2.4 (± 0.4) | 1.3 (± 0.2) | – | 3.7 (± 0.4) | 22.5 (± 2.0) | – |
Patient characteristics | ||||||
 Age | ||||||
   < 1 | 2744 (65.2) | 8162 (80.9) | <  0.001 | 10,906 (76.3) | 33,428 (63.6) | <  0.001 |
  1 | 700 (16.6) | 1160 (11.5) |  | 1860 (13) | 8705 (16.6) |  |
  2/3 | 765 (18.2) | 761 (7.5) |  | 1526 (10.7) | 10,429 (19.8) |  |
 Hospital mortality | ||||||
  Yes | 571 (13.6) | 1271 (8.9) | 0.467 | 1842 (12.9) | 1597 (3.0) | <  0.001 |
  No | 3637 (86.4) | 8812 (61.7) |  | 12,450 (87.1) | 50,964 (97.0) |  |
 Sex | ||||||
  Female | 1530 (36.4) | 4067 (40.3) | 0.074 | 5597 (39.2) | 22,486 (42.8) | 0.007 |
  Male | 2679 (63.6) | 6016 (59.7) |  | 8695 (60.8) | 30,075 (57.2) |  |
 Race | ||||||
  Asian or Pacific Islander | 63 (1.5) | 260 (2.6) | 0.240 | 323 (2.3) | 467 (0.9) | <  0.001 |
  Black | 853 (20.3) | 1992 (19.8) |  | 2845 (19.9) | 12,774 (24.3) |  |
  Hispanic | 718 (17.1) | 1614 (16) |  | 2332 (16.3) | 9261 (17.6) |  |
  Native American | 58 (1.4) | 84 (0.8) |  | 142 (1) | 500 (1) |  |
  Other | 310 (7.4) | 574 (5.7) |  | 884 (6.2) | 2632 (5) |  |
  White | 2206 (52.4) | 5559 (55.1) |  | 7765 (54.3) | 26,928 (51.2) |  |
 Income | ||||||
  1st Quartile | 1262 (30) | 2558 (25.4) | 0.001 | 3820 (26.7) | 18,216 (34.7) | <  0.001 |
  2nd Quartile | 1349 (32.1) | 2906 (28.8) |  | 4255 (29.8) | 15,490 (29.5) |  |
  3rd Quartile | 1037 (24.6) | 2572 (25.5) |  | 3609 (25.3) | 11,703 (22.3) |  |
  4th Quartile | 560 (13.3) | 2047 (20.3) |  | 2607 (18.2) | 7153 (13.6) |  |
Hospital characteristics | ||||||
 Hospital type (since 2008) | ||||||
  Government, nonfederal | 331 (14.4) | 413 (14.9) | 0.067 | 744 (15.9) | 3641 (14.6) | 0.643 |
  Private, investor-owned | 98 (4.3) | 243 (8.7) |  | 341 (6.7) | 1541 (6.7) |  |
  Private, not-for-profit | 1874 (81.4) | 2123 (76.4) |  | 3997 (77.4) | 17,700 (78.6) |  |
 Hospital size (bed count) | ||||||
  Large | 2380 (57.4) | 6704 (66.7) | 0.008 | 9084 (64.0) | 32,545 (62.5) | 0.479 |
  Medium | 1111 (26.8) | 1944 (19.3) |  | 3055 (21.5) | 12,063 (23.2) |  |
  Small | 656 (15.8) | 1398 (13.9) |  | 2054 (14.5) | 7455 (14.3) |  |
 Hospital location / teaching | ||||||
  Rural | 45 (1.1) | 328 (3.3) | 0.005 | 373 (2.6) | 3294 (6.3) | <  0.001 |
  Urban non-teaching | 263 (6.2) | 1258 (12.5) |  | 1521 (10.6) | 6808 (13) |  |
  Urban teaching | 3901 (92.7) | 8497 (84.3) |  | 12,398 (86.7) | 42,460 (80.8) |  |
 Hospital region | ||||||
  Midwest | 1210 (28.7) | 2707 (26.8) | 0.128 | 3917 (27.4) | 13,928 (26.5) | 0.204 |
  Northeast | 436 (10.4) | 1518 (15.1) |  | 1954 (13.7) | 8459 (16.1) |  |
  South | 1675 (39.8) | 4177 (41.4) |  | 5852 (40.9) | 20,144 (38.3) |  |
  West | 888 (21.1) | 1681 (16.7) |  | 2569 (18) | 10,029 (19.1) |  |