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Table 3 Univariate associations between sociodemographic and injury-related characteristics and distress at 12 and 24-months

From: Prevalence and predictors of psychological distress following injury: findings from a prospective cohort study

 

Distress at 12 Months

Distress at 24 Months

RR

95% CI for RR

P value

RR

95% CI for RR

P value

Pre-Injury Characteristics

Sex

  Male

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Female

1.19

0.97, 1.45

0.09

1.17

0.97, 1.42

0.11

Age (Years)

  10–44

Ref

  

Ref

  

  45–65

1.18

0.97, 1.44

0.10

0.95

0.79, 1.16

0.63

Ethnicity (Prioritised)

  European

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Māori

1.91

1.51, 2.41

 

1.57

1.22, 2.00

 

  Pacific

1.92

1.35, 2.75

 

2.08

1.50, 2.89

 

  Asian

1.12

0.74, 1.69

 

1.88

1.36, 2.58

 

  Other

1.23

0.88, 1.72

< 0.01

1.32

0.97, 1.80

< 0.01

Education

  Less than secondary school

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Secondary school or higher

0.59

0.48, 0.72

< 0.01

0.69

0.56, 0.84

< 0.01

Living Arrangements

  Alone/With non-family

Ref

  

Ref

  

  With family

0.78

0.62, 1.00

0.05

0.90

0.71, 1.14

0.39

Income Adequacy

  Adequate

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Inadequate

2.08

1.71–2.54

< 0.01

2.11

1.74–2.55

< 0.01

Working For Pay

  No

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Yes

0.79

0.57, 1.09

0.16

0.77

0.56, 1.06

0.11

Mental Health Conditions

  0

Ref

  

Ref

  

  1

2.57

2.00, 3.30

 

2.00

1.52, 2.63

 

  2+

2.82

2.09, 3.79

< 0.01

3.11

2.38, 4.06

< 0.01

Physical Health Conditions

  0

Ref

  

Ref

  

  1

1.14

0.89, 1.45

 

1.12

0.89, 1.41

 

  2+

1.88

1.49, 2.38

< 0.01

1.58

1.24, 2.00

< 0.01

General Health

  Excellent/Very good

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Good

1.66

1.34, 2.07

 

1.58

1.28, 1.59

 

  Fair/poor

3.16

2.41, 4.16

< 0.01

2.86

2.18, 3.74

< 0.01

Alcohol Use

  Non-hazardous

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Hazardous

0.97

0.79, 1.19

0.76

0.82

0.68, 1.00

0.05

Injury-Related Characteristics

Injury Severity (NISS)

  1–3 (Least severe)

Ref

  

Ref

  

  4–6 (Severe)

0.72

0.58, 0.89

 

0.79

0.65, 0.97

 

  7+ (Most Severe)

1.07

0.79, 1.45

< 0.01

0.84

0.61, 1.17

0.07

Cause of Injury

  Unintentional

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Intentional (Assault)

2.65

1.95, 3.60

< 0.01

1.97

1.38, 2.81

< 0.01

Perceived Threat to Life

  No

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Yes

2.10

1.66, 2.65

< 0.01

1.85

1.47, 2.34

< 0.01

Health Service Characteristics

Health Service Experience

  Very good/Good/Moderate

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Bad/Very bad

1.64

1.07, 2.51

0.02

2.06

1.46, 2.91

< 0.01

ACC Experience

  Very good/Good/Moderate

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Bad/Very bad

1.21

0.82, 1.80

0.33

1.49

1.07, 2.09

0.02

Access to Health Services

  No Trouble

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Trouble/Mixed

1.54

1.16, 2.03

< 0.01

1.56

1.20, 2.03

< 0.01

Early Post-Injury Characteristics

Distress at 3 Months (K6 ≥ 8)

  Not Distressed

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Distressed

4.54

3.73, 5.53

< 0.01

3.80

3.15, 4.58

< 0.01

Expectations for Recovery

  Already Recovered

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Expect to Recover Soon/Slowly

1.51

1.01, 2.05

 

1.42

1.06, 1.91

 

  Unsure

2.59

1.85, 3.63

 

2.50

1.81, 3.44

 

  Expect to Never Recover

2.56

1.57, 4.18

< 0.01

1.92

1.14, 3.23

< 0.01

Satisfaction with Social Relationships

  Satisfied

Ref

  

Ref

  

  Neutral/ Dissatisfied

2.70

2.22, 3.30

< 0.01

2.50

2.05, 3.04

< 0.01

  1. Note. ACC = Accident Compensation Corporation; NISS = New Injury Severity Score; RR = Relative Risk