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Table 2 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for homicide in matched cases and controls1

From: Absolute versus relative socioeconomic disadvantage and homicide: a spatial ecological case–control study of US zip codes

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

ZIP code-level

Median household income

0.15

0.08

0.27

   

0.17

0.09

0.31

Gini coefficient

1.03

0.70

1.52

   

1.35

0.92

1.98

State-level

Median household income

   

0.54

0.38

0.78

1.15

0.66

2.02

Gini coefficient

   

0.54

0.36

0.82

0.44

0.23

0.83

  1. 1Cases and controls were selected from the 34 states and four counties in California participating in the CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS). Case units were defined as the 250 ZIP codes with the highest per capita incidence of violent homicide deaths in 2017. Selected cases had \(\ge\) 5 deaths. ZIP codes eligible for selection as control units (1) had no violent deaths in 2017 and (2) were located within the 35 NVDRS states. Cases and controls were matched on proportion Black, proportion Hispanic, proportion Asian, proportion male, proportion aged 15 to 24, and proportion aged 25 to 34. All models controlled for matched variables. Model 1 adjusted for ZIP code-level variables. Model 2 adjusted for state-level variables. Model 3 adjusted for all variables
  2. *Bolded values are statistically significant at an alpha of 0.05