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Table 3 Estimates of unlicensed driving among 16- and 17-year-old North Carolina drivers by licensing era, race and income

From: Unlicensed driving among young drivers in North Carolina: a quasi-induced exposure analysis

   

16-year-olds

 

17-year-olds

  

Total

Unlicensed

Odds-ratio (CI)

 

Unlicensed

Odds-ratio (CI)

   

n

%

Crude

Adjusted

Total

n

%

Crude

Adjusted

Licensing Era

 
 

Pre-GDL

10,406

131

1.3%

  

11,634

193

1.7%

  
 

Post-GDL

8394

106

1.3%

1.00 (0.78; 1.3)

1.07 (0.83; 1.39)

11,444

230

2.0%

1.22 (1.00; 1.47)

1.27 (1.05; 1.54)

Race

 
 

White

16,496

163

1.0%

  

18,974

288

1.5%

  
 

Black

2304

74

3.2%

3.32 (2.52; 4.39)

2.96 (2.22; 3.94)

4104

135

3.3%

2.21 (1.79; 2.72)

1.79 (1.45; 2.22)

Neighborhood income

 
 

Upper 75%

14,569

149

1.0%

  

17,518

225

1.3%

  
 

Lower 25%

4231

88

2.1%

2.06 (1.58; 2.68)

1.71 (1.30; 2.24)

5560

198

3.6%

2.84 (2.34; 3.44)

2.56 (2.09; 3.12)

  1. Pre-GDL period is Dec 1, 1997 to Nov 30, 2002; Post-GDL is Dec 1, 2002 to Nov 30, 2007. The first category listed is the reference group. aORs show adjustments for the other two variables (e.g., adjusting for GDL period and neighborhood income produces a slightly lower racial disparity in unlicensed driving among 17-year-olds (1.79 vs. 2.21)