Table 4 Multivariable model estimating relative risk of distress 12 years post-SIE for pre-injury, injury-related and post-injury characteristics (n = 1391)

Pre-injury characteristics

Sex

 Male

Ref

 Female

1.05

0.80, 1.38

Age in years (at time of injury)

 18–44

Ref

 45–65

0.72

0.55, 0.96

Ethnicity

 NZ European

Ref

 Māori

2.18

1.54, 3.10

 Pacific

2.12

1.04, 4.34

 Asian

2.62

1.63, 4.20

 Other

2.43

1.66, 3.56

Income adequacy

 Adequate

Ref

 Inadequate

1.62

1.22, 2.14

Mental health conditions

 0

Ref

 1

2.28

1.60, 3.25

  ≥ 2

1.57

0.88, 2.80

Health service characteristics

ACC experience

 Very good/good/moderate

Ref

 Bad/very bad

1.38

0.89, 2.14

Access to health services

 No trouble

Ref

 Trouble/mixed

0.61

0.36, 1.05

Early post-injury characteristics

Distress 3 months post-SIE (K6 ≥ 8)

 Not distressed

Ref

 Distressed

2.35

1.70, 3.25

Satisfaction with social relationships

 Satisfied

Ref

 Not satisfied

1.47

1.06, 2.03