A systematic review of demographic and background factors associated with the development of children’s aquatic competence

Table 1 Quality assessment of included studies considering NHMRC evidence level

Quality criteria	Cross-sectional studies (n = 7) (%)	Quasi-experimental studies (n = 7) (%)	All studies (n = 14) (%)
Research question/objective clearly stated	100	100	100
Population inclusion criteria clearly defined	86	86	86
Intervention clearly specified and defined	NA	71	NA
Ethical approval details reported	86	71	79
Exposure and outcome measures clearly defined	100	93	96
Exposure and outcome measures are valid and reliable	79	43	61
Sample size justification, power description, variance, or effect estimate included	29	0	14
Pre and post outcome measurements included in design	NA	93	NA
Follow-up/retention outcome measurements included in design	NA	14	NA
Outcome assessors blinded to exposure status of participants	0	0	0
Appropriate statistical techniques used	100	100	100
Participant demographics clearly reported	93	100	96
P-values or effect sizes appropriately reported	86	100	93
Appropriate conclusions aligned with aim	100	100	100
Study limitations identified	100	86	93
Average study quality score	80	71	75

Quality criteria adapted from National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool
NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Counci
NA not applicable
Cross-sectional studies are level IV on NHMRC evidence hierarchy
Quasi-experimental studies are level III-2 on NHMRC evidence hierarchy

ISSN: 2197-1714